Commentaries:
Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown
ram pushing westward—Persia conquered westward Babylon, Mesopotamia, Syria, Asia Minor.
northward—Colchis, Armenia, Iberia, and the dwellers on the Caspian Sea.
southward—Judea, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya; also India, under Darius. He does not say eastward, for the Persians themselves came from the east (Isaiah 46:11).
did according to his will— (Daniel 11:3, Daniel 11:16; compare Daniel 5:19).
Other Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown entries containing Daniel 8:4:
Daniel 8:12
Daniel 10:1
Zechariah 6:1
Revelation 17:10
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