Leavening is an agent that causes change, typically through fermentation. The ingredients break down in a biochemical reaction that produces carbon dioxide, which causes expansion. The original ingredients are changed from what they were through a reaction that will keep going as long as there are ingredients that can fuel it. So, leaven spreads.
In its broadest sense, leaven is a symbol of corruption. It includes sin, but it is not limited to sin because it also includes the ideas, philosophies, and approaches that lead to sin. This connects with what we saw in Galatians. The Galatians (and Colossians) were being influenced by philosophies and doctrines that would lead them into bondage. Leavening was corrupting them, and a new slavery would be the result if they didn’t return to Christ.
Here, Paul says a little leaven leavens the whole lump. He uses the same phrase in Galatians 5:9. In the verse that comes right before that, Paul calls the heresy that was corrupting the Galatians a “persuasion.” Paul says, “This persuasion does not come from Him who calls you.” So, leavening can be an idea that persuades us to deviate from the truth, even as our minds may feel like they are expanding.
This fits with the various warnings Jesus gave about leavening. He warned about the leaven of the Pharisees, the leaven of the Sadducees, and the leaven of Herod. In each case, leavening is a symbol for corrupted ideas that lead to a wrong application.
In Matthew 16:12, we find that part of the leaven of the Pharisees was their doctrines, which elevated tradition above the word of God. Another part of their leaven was hypocrisy. They focused more on appearing righteous than being righteous. Jesus said of the Pharisees, “they say, and do not do” (Matthew 23:3). They exempted themselves from the standard they held others to. While they looked good, their self-centeredness and self-generated standard of righteousness made life very difficult for those caught in their orbit.
The leaven of the Sadducees was their corrupted teachings and attitudes, like skepticism, that undermined the essential doctrines of faith. As two examples, the Sadducees denied the resurrection and they denied the existence of angels. That is a significant corruption.
The leaven of Herod is interesting because of the politics of our day. It is not clearly defined, so we have to read between the lines. But from what we know of Herod, his leaven seems to be a worldly pragmatism, and an overall disregard for spiritual truth in favor of power. His corruption seems to include the use of religion for political ends. Herod wouldn’t stop his adoring crowd from likening him to God, and God struck him dead.
Here in I Corinthians 5, Paul uses malice and wickedness as additional types of leaven. Malice is an internal disposition, while wickedness is an outward manifestation. We can tell from the rest of the epistle that these corruptions were affecting the congregation, which is why Paul brought attention to them.
Paul contrasts those with sincerity and truth. Sincerity indicates purity. It means something is not a mixture. Truth here goes beyond simply being factual. It carries the implication of what is genuine and what is real. In the context, it indicates truth that is lived and not simply acknowledged.
Consider, though, that sincerity and truth epitomize the life lived by God in the flesh. He is the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth, the bread of life, the bread that fills us with spiritual life and which contains no malice, wickedness, or other corruption. We cannot generate that sincerity and truth from within—it must come from Him. It is through Jesus living His life in us that we can keep this feast with sincerity and truth.
Verse 7 says the Corinthians are truly unleavened. Paul says it is because Christ is our Passover and was sacrificed for us. Given what the rest of the letter is about, … . . .
But the leavening also poses a significant problem for identifying the church as the wave loaves of Pentecost. The New Testament teaches that when we are in Christ, we are unleavened. Paul says in I Corinthians 5:7, “You truly are unleavened.” He is very clear. We are unleavened because of Passover and the covenantal relationship it pictures. It is a state of imputed righteousness because we are in Christ, who is completely unleavened. So, it would introduce a contradiction to say that the two loaves represent the church in general.
