Commentaries:
Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown
bitterness—both of spirit and of speech: opposed to "kind."
wrath—passion for a time: opposed to "tender-hearted." Whence BENGEL translates for "wrath," harshness.
anger—lasting resentment: opposed to "forgiving one another."
clamour—compared by CHRYSOSTOM to a horse carrying anger for its rider: "Bridle the horse, and you dismount its rider." "Bitterness" begets "wrath"; "wrath," "anger"; "anger," "clamor"; and "clamor," the more chronic "evil-speaking," slander, insinuations, and surmises of evil. "Malice" is the secret root of all: "fires fed within, and not appearing to by-standers from without, are the most formidable" [CHRYSOSTOM].
Other Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown entries containing Ephesians 4:31:
Galatians 5:19-23
Ephesians 5:9
Colossians 3:8
James 1:21
James 3:14
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