Commentaries:
Robertson's Word Pictures (NT)
To the general assembly (panhgurei). Old word (from pav and aguris, ageirw). Here only in N.T. Panhgurizw occurs in Isaiah 66:10 for keeping a festal holiday. Possibly to be connected with aggelwn, though not certain.
Church of the firstborn (ekklhsiai prwtotokwn). Probably an additional item besides the angelic host as the people of Israel are called firstborn (Exodus 4:22). The word ekklhsia here has the general sense of all the redeemed, as in Matthew 16:18; Colossians 1:18; Ephesians 5:24-32, and equivalent to the kingdom of God.
Who are enrolled in heaven (apogegrammenwn en ouranoiv). Perfect passive participle of apografw, old verb to write off, to copy, to enroll as in Luke 2:1, Luke 2:3, Luke 2:5 (only N.T. examples). Enrolled as citizens of heaven even while on earth (Luke 10:20; Philippians 1:27; Philippians 3:20; Philippians 4:3; Revelation 13:8, etc.).
To God the Judge of all (krith qew pantwn). All these chief substantives in the dative case. People should not forget that God is the Judge of all men.
Made perfect (teteleiwmenwn). Perfect passive participle of teleiow, perfected at last (Hebrews 11:40).
Other Robertson's Word Pictures (NT) entries containing Hebrews 12:23:
1 Corinthians 12:28
Colossians 1:15
Colossians 1:18
Hebrews 2:12
1 Peter 3:19
Revelation 20:12
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