Topical Studies
What the Bible says about
Passover Symbols
(From Forerunner Commentary)
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Exodus 12:8
In the annual contemplation of the Passover and Exodus stories, the question occasionally arises of whether or not the Christian Passover must be observed according to the original instructions in Exodus 12—specifically, with a lamb, bitter herbs, etc. Jews typically partake of a Seder meal. Seder is the Hebrew word meaning "order," describing the punctilious and exacting procedures that are followed in this Jewish ritual. Is all this still required for Christians? The institution of Passover certainly is eternal (Exodus 12:14), but that is not to say that all the symbols and details have remained unchanged. For example, the original command involved putting lambs' blood on the doorpost (Exodus 12:7, 12-13). We recognize the significance of that act, animal sacrifices are not part of the New Covenant, and God does not send the Death Angel every year. That part of the institution has played its role and does not contain a literal application for us. Rather than lambs' blood, we partake of wine to symbolize the blood of Christ (I Corinthians 11:25), which is infinitely superior to the blood of sheep and goats (Hebrews 9:12-14). His blood does not just save us from the Death Angel, as it were, but it actually allows for the forgiveness of sin. The blood on the doorpost indicated those who were marked out for protection, pointing forward to the supreme sacrifice of the Messiah, but it could in no way forgive sin. Similarly, the original institution called for the Passover to be eaten with a belt on the waist, sandals on the feet, and staff in hand (Exodus 12:11). God had the Israelites do this so they would understand that they would soon be traveling and needed to be prepared. As Christians, we recognize the implication that we are likewise "pilgrims" (see I Peter 2:11-12), and should always be ready to follow God. However, this detail in Exodus 12 should not be regarded as a mandatory dress code for observing the Passover. A third example: The original institution held that the Passover lamb had to be set aside on the tenth day of the month and observed until the fourteenth day (roughly three-and-a-half days later) when it was killed. The gospel accounts of the Passover, though, show the preparations being made more or less on the day before (see Mark 14:12; Luke 22:7-8). It does not show Christ and the disciples picking out a lamb days before. Yet, interestingly, at the beginning of Christ's ministry, He was identified as "the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world" (John 1:29). He was "observed" for three-and-a-half years, and seen to be without blemish by an untold number of people. As far as the bitter herbs are concerned, it is interesting that "herbs" is actually not in the original Hebrew, but only implied. Exodus 12:8 literally says, ". . . and with bitter they shall eat it." In the Bible, bitterness is symbolic of sin. It is a sin itself (Deuteronomy 29:18; Acts 8:23; Ephesians 4:31), as well as a sign of mourning or lament as a result of other sins (Proverbs 17:25; Lamentations 1:4; Ezekiel 21:6; 27:31). The ancient Israelites had no way of having their sins removed. Offerings were prescribed to be given when sin occurred, but the book of Hebrews makes it plain that the blood of bulls and goats cannot actually take away sin (Hebrews 10:4). The life of an animal is not worth anything near the life of a man—and sin causes the life of man to be forfeit (Romans 6:23). Their sins could not be forgiven under the Old Covenant. In the New Testament examples and instructions regarding Passover (John 13:1-30; Matthew 26:26-30; Mark 14:12-26; Luke 22:7-23; I Corinthians 11:17-34), the emphasis is on Christ Himself—His example and His sacrifice—rather than on the bitterness of our sins. Certainly, we should remember that it was because of our sins that Christ had to die, but our sins are not something to be memorialized! Our "bitterness" has been taken away if we have accepted Christ's blood. His sacrifice is what we remember each year. The symbols change from a lamb, something bitter, and unleavened bread in the Old Testament, to unleavened bread (still representing a sinless life), wine, and footwashing in the New. The requirement of a lamb has been fulfilled because Christ became the Passover lamb for us. Our Savior took our sins (bitterness) on Himself, so when we memorialize His death, it is not with bitterness, but with solemnity and joy because we have been redeemed. This makes possible the wonderful opportunity to enter into a rare relationship with God the Father and His Son.
David C. Grabbe
Without Bitterness
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Leviticus 23:5
While the Passover is one of God's appointed times, it is not listed in Scripture as one of the annual Sabbaths. It is a regular day of work—in fact, it is the preparation day for the first day of Unleavened Bread—but the first few hours, the evening portion of the day, is a significant memorial of two great events in God's plan for mankind: the death of the firstborn in Egypt and the sacrifice of our Savior, Jesus Christ. The bulk of the instruction about the Passover is written in Exodus 12, and a great deal of it concerns the Old Testament ritual meal that was eaten on that evening. These details are types that were fulfilled in the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, so the New Testament church is no longer required to slay a lamb, since, as the apostle Paul writes, "For indeed Christ, our Passover, was sacrificed for us" (I Corinthians 5:7). The New Testament Passover is modeled after the events that occurred during what is commonly known as the Last Supper, the Passover meal that Jesus ate with His disciples just before His arrest, trial, and crucifixion. Jesus began His instruction that evening with a command to wash one another's feet: "For I have given you an example, that you should do as I have done to you" (see John 13:1-17), and so we do. The apostle Paul summarizes what happens next: For I received from the Lord that which I also delivered to you: that the Lord Jesus on the same night in which He was betrayed took bread; and when He had given thanks, He broke it and said, "Take, eat; this is My body which is broken for you; do this in remembrance of Me." In the same manner He also took the cup after supper, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in My blood. This do, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of Me." (I Corinthians 11:23-25) So, to commemorate His sacrifice by which He paid the penalty for human sin and consecrated the New Covenant (see Hebrews 9:11-28), Christians eat a little unleavened bread and drink a small amount of wine. In doing so, they acknowledge His sacrifice and rededicate themselves to their covenant with Him. It is clear from both the Old Testament and New Testament examples that only those who have made the covenant—Christ's disciples—are allowed to partake of the bread and wine, thus only baptized members should participate in this part of the service (see the principle in Exodus 12:43-49; also I Corinthians 11:27-29). As Christ did after changing the Passover symbols, members of the church then listen to the words of Jesus' discourse to His disciples, which is found in John 13-17. Then, to close the service, they sing a hymn before concluding the solemn service (see Matthew 26:30; Mark 14:26).
Richard T. Ritenbaugh
How Do We Keep God's Festivals?
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Mark 14:24
Each year in the spring, when we observe the Passover, we partake of the wine, which symbolizes the shed blood of Jesus Christ. When He instituted this new Passover symbol, He explained it by saying, "This is My blood of the new covenant, which is shed for many" (Mark 14:24). When we come under the blood of Jesus Christ upon our baptism and acceptance of Him as our Savior, we enter into that New Covenant. Considering how important the New Covenant is, there are surprisingly few references to it within the New Testament—and even fewer explanations. What references there are—largely in the book of Hebrews—depend heavily on quotations from the Old Testament prophets. In fact, the New Testament teaching of the New Covenant relies entirely on one already having an understanding from reading the prophets. Without those prophecies, we would not understand what we actually enter into. The New Covenant is mentioned in numerous places (Isaiah 54:9-10; 55:3; 59:20-21; 61:1-11; Jeremiah 32:36-41; 50:4-5; Ezekiel 16:60-63; 20:33-38; 34:23-26; 37:15-28), but perhaps the clearest description—and the one quoted in Hebrews 8:8-12 and 10:16-17—is found in Jeremiah 31:31-34.
David C. Grabbe
Finishing the Week
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1 Corinthians 11:25-29
Verse 25 reads, "This cup is the new covenant in My blood." It employs a figure of speech in which the word "cup" is a metonymy, meaning that the cup represents what it contains: literally wine. The wine symbolized His blood, thus, "This cup is the new covenant in My blood." A covenant is an agreement, a contract, between two parties. It is a device to bring people into a binding relationship to accomplish some undertaking. This particular covenant is unusual in that it is in His blood. In his commentary on I Corinthians 11:23-34 (p. 104), William Barclay makes a very interesting comment on this. He changes a few words and provides proof that the change is grammatically legitimate. He paraphrases it in this manner: "This covenant cost Me My life." This agreement, the New Covenant, is made at the cost of the most precious, the most valuable and dearest Life that has ever lived on the face of the earth, that of our sinless Creator. It did not come cheaply. Barclay's paraphrase is justifiable because the life of the flesh is in the blood (Leviticus 17:14). The giving of that specific Life by His shed blood made possible the establishment of a covenantal relationship with God. This relationship is the fruit of Christ's sinless life and subsequent death. Passover portrays what makes salvation a reality for us because justification before God is its fruit. We can consider Christ's making this relationship possible the most important accomplishment of all that He has done through His death. Our relationship with God is our salvation. We could have no salvation unless the relationship existed because we would still be cut off from God. Once established, this relationship must be developed and to be developed, it must be continued! "If you continue, you will become free," says Jesus. This begins the process of truly coming to know God, and to know God is eternal life (John 17:3). Within the context of I Corinthians 11, a major point deals with people not properly discerning the sacred gravity of what the symbols represent. Some in Corinth were making a mockery of the Passover. The church members gathered for a meal, and some were getting drunk, others ate in a gluttonous manner, while a few received little food because others were hogging it all. What they did edified the body not at all! They experienced very little of the right kind of spiritual fellowship. The apostle writes his epistle to correct a corrupt situation. His point is that, in doing what they did, they were not discerning the body and the blood of Jesus Christ. If they had truly understood their significance, they would not have acted in this manner. They were not properly interpreting and applying the meaning to their own lives. In treating Christ's sacrifice in a frivolous manner, their application especially went awry. They went through the motions of taking the Passover but without appreciating the reality that the symbols represented. The word "unworthy" in I Corinthians 11:27 means "lacking in merit or worth." The Corinthians had no appreciation of the precious value of what the symbols represented to their personal salvation. They were missing the eternal character of what they were observing, caring little about who had died and grasping almost nothing of the love that went into His act. They were truly profaning the body and blood of Jesus Christ and putting Him to an open shame. A major point of understanding about observing Passover is that our attitude toward Christ's sacrifice affects our approach to life in general. Above all, it will affect our relationship with the Father, as well as with one another, because the strength of our obligation to submit to Jesus Christ will be diminished. We will not feel it all that important to submit in obedience. If God wants us to understand anything by our observing the Passover, it is 1) the tremendous costs it took to free us and to maintain that freedom, and 2) how far Jesus Christ, our Example, was willing to be "pushed" without giving in to sin in even the smallest of matters. Let us take Passover soberly, with the serious significance of what it represents at the forefront of our minds.
John W. Ritenbaugh
The Awesome Cost of Love
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1 Corinthians 11:29-30
Understanding these verses requires scrutinizing the overall context. Paul sets the stage for his Passover instructions back in I Corinthians 5:7, where he identifies Jesus Christ as our Passover. However, he does not expand on the subject until I Corinthians 10:16-17: Is not the cup of blessing that we bless a sharing in the blood of Christ? Is not the bread that we break a sharing in the body of Christ? Because there is one bread, we who are many are one body, for we all share the one bread. (New English Translation) In verse 17, the King James Version and New King James Version identify the church as "one bread," which is true in a roundabout way, but it is not quite what the Greek text expresses. Verse 17 indicates that because there is only one "Bread of Life"—which John 6 identifies as Christ—everyone who shares or partakes of that One Bread becomes a single spiritual body. Then, Paul illustrates that we become one—unified—with whatever we partake of: Observe Israel after the flesh: Are not those who eat of the sacrifices partakers of the altar? What am I saying then? That an idol is anything, or what is offered to idols is anything? Rather, that the things which the Gentiles sacrifice they sacrifice to demons and not to God, and I do not want you to have fellowship with demons. You cannot drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons; you cannot partake of the Lord's table and of the table of demons. (I Corinthians 10:18-21) In other words, those physical Israelites who ate of the sacrifices were partakers of the altar, the main instrument of worship. By eating a share of the sacrifices, the Israelites placed themselves in fellowship with the object of their worship. As long as it was God's altar and the sacrifices were performed according to His instructions, the sacrifices played a meaningful part in true worship. But when the Israelites ate from the altar of another so-called god—meaning a demon—they then joined in fellowship with that demon. Paul says we cannot have it both ways. Either we can partake of the wine and bread, fellowshipping with Jesus Christ, or we can participate in what the demons have to offer—not both. The overall principle is that we become spiritually unified with whatever we partake of. When we individually partake of the cup of blessing and the bread at Passover, we become one with Jesus Christ. But more than one person partakes of the Passover symbols; the whole church does. Thus, everyone who partakes of these symbols also becomes one with Him. Because of this, the "Lord's body" is a collective noun, composed of those whom the Father called and are now in fellowship with Christ through symbolically sharing in His blood and His body.
David C. Grabbe
What Does 'Discerning the Lord's Body' Mean? (Part One)
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1 Corinthians 11:29
Many Bibles' marginal references for this verse, as well as some interlinear Bibles, indicate that the translators have added the word "Lord's" to the text, assuming that Paul refers to Christ's human body. However, in the Greek text, the end of the verse simply reads "not discerning the body." The words "the body" can refer to several things that are not mutually exclusive. Paul could weave multiple threads through his writings, and at times, overlap them in profound ways. First, the chapter shows that some members in Corinth were confused about whether the congregational meals were the Lord's Supper. By trying to observe the Lord's Supper or Passover on just any occasion, the significance of the bread and the wine becomes muddled through familiarity and sheer repetition. Hence, if any bread throughout the year symbolized Jesus Christ's crucified body, church members would take the Passover in an unworthy manner because they would not see His sacrifice as distinct and set apart. For the symbol to continue to be meaningful, people must distinguish between the unleavened bread eaten on Passover and common, daily bread. Second, we can understand the phrase "not discerning the body" as a reference to the tortured, physical body of Jesus Christ. Thus, we participate in the Passover in an unworthy manner if we do not seriously and consciously acknowledge our sins, which made Christ's excruciating sacrifice necessary. He suffered crucifixion because of what we have done, and without consciousness of our sin and the wages—punishment—we have earned, His sacrifice loses its significance in our minds. Third, "the body" can refer to the spiritual Body of believers, the church. I Corinthians 10:16-17 teaches that what we partake of is what we become a part of. When we partake of the bread that symbolizes His body, we become a part of the spiritual Body of believers who are also "in Christ" and have the Father and the Son dwelling in them. I Corinthians 10 contains the first mention of this spiritual Body, and the rest of the chapter and chapter 11 are all about things related to interactions within the Body. Then chapter 12 gives the most lengthy and specific explanation of the Body analogy in the Bible. After that, chapters 13 and 14 continue expounding on the theme of relationships and interactions within the Body, even though the Body is not directly mentioned. So, when Paul talks about "the body" without defining exactly what he means, we must remember that it appears in the middle of a lengthy discourse on the spiritual Body. In light of this, what does it mean to "discern" the body? The English word discern means "to separate or distinguish by the eye or by the understanding" or "to see the difference between two or more things." It can mean "to judge" or even "to be partial to." The Greek word in I Corinthians 11:29, diakrino, means essentially the same thing: "to make a separation or a distinction" or "to evaluate between two or more things, and become partial to one." It can mean "to differentiate" and "decide." What I Corinthians 11:29 means, then, is that if we do not discern or make a correct distinction regarding the spiritual Body, we will partake of the Passover in an unworthy manner. The way that we "discern the Body" is to distinguish it in our minds from what is not part of the Body—the rest of humanity. It means to show partiality to the Body as a whole, rather than making distinctions within the Body. The Corinthians were making distinctions about people within the Body, and thus they highly esteemed some individuals among them and despised others. Thus, Paul warns them that, when it came time to observe the Passover, they were in danger of eating and drinking judgment to themselves because they were not being partial to Christ's spiritual Body as a whole. Put another way, they were not treating all church members—all the brethren for whom Christ died—with the highest respect.
David C. Grabbe
What Does 'Discerning the Lord's Body' Mean? (Part Two)
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